Unusual Musical Instruments

THE PEDAL-OPERATED TUBA

Left: The pedal-operated tuba: 1880 This is C W J Johnson with his pedal-operated tuba. (or some sort of horn, anyway) Charles Wallace Jacob Johnson (1833-1903) was a miner, photographer, musician, and dance teacher, born in Maryland, USA, on 3rd August 1833, the son of George M. and Matilda Johnson. He came to California and was on the North Fork of the Feather River in 1857 and in Grass Valley in 1863. He went to Nevada in 1863 where he worked as a one-man-band and taught dance and returned to San Francisco in 1868. He opened a photo studio in Monterey when the Hotel del Monte opened in June of 1880, he opened a gallery first on Alvarado street in Monterey (he moved his gallery to the hotel itself in 1887). Johnson was a prolific photographer, leaving a rich photographic record of life in the Monterey Bay region. It's not entirely clear, but there seem to be three valves on the tuba but only two pedals are visible.

THE DOUBLE-BELL-EUPHONIUM

Left: Conn Double-Bell Euphonium: 1880 This is a Double-Bell euphonium made by Conn, well-known specialists in brass instruments. Conn have a very comprehensive Wikipedia page. It is a development of the standard euphonium, production beginning at Conn in 1880. The main bell gives the mellow tone of a standard euphonium, while the smaller forward-facing bell has a brighter tone, similar to a valve trombone or a baritone horn. The last valve fitted to the horn (the fourth or the fifth, depending on the model) is used to switch the sound from the main bell to the small bell. Both bells cannot play at the same time; usually each bell has its own tuning slide loop, so that the two bells can be matched. It is a rather heavy instrument. This is not a brilliant image, but the three main piston valves can be seen below and to the right of the smaller bell. Just below them is the fourth valve for selecting which horn is in use. Double-belled instruments are sometimes described as Duplex. The Double-Bell euphonium has a Wikipedia page.

Left: J W Pepper Double-Bell Euphonium on stand: 1900 This picture was found on a website with the glorious name of The Tuba Exchange, where I discovered there is such a thing as a Compensating Euphonium; there is an explanation of that intriguing phrase here. J W Pepper only made instruments for some thirty years, and nowadays seem to deal only in sheet music.

THE BELLOPHONE

Left: Bellophone in BB-flat: 1930 This engaging piece of brass plumbing is a Bellophone. "This singular instrument was made to the specifications of the distinguished performer and teacher William Bell, who set modern standards for tuba playing in America." Surely no man was better-named; clearly nominative determinism was at work. It was made by H N White Co. Players would sometimes need to switch between bass tubas and tenor tubas or baritones in a piece, and this combined the two instruments. Four Périnet valves are shared, and a separate rotary valve directs air to the tuba or baritone part of the instrument. There was a second mouthpiece so two people can play the instrument simultaneously; I would like to see a video of that. It should not be confused with the Bellowphone, though that too is a multi-belled 'instrument'. The Bellophone is in the Met Museum in New York.

THE CONTRABASS TUBA

Left: Contrabass Tuba: 15 May 2012 Joerg Wachsmuth of the Dresden Philharmonic gets to grips with 'Flight of the Bumblebee' on what is claimed to be the world's biggest playable tuba, with the Symphony Orchestra of Markneukirchen in Saxony, Germany. This Contrabass Tuba is 2 metres tall and weighs about 50 kg. The bell is 1 metre in diameter, about twice as big as a normal tuba. The tuba sits in a cradle, and the player sits on a high stool next to it. The 'Flight of the Bumblebee' notoriously has a lot of very fast notes and hardly seems adapted to the contrabass tuba. The Museum Staff have now found a video of the 'Flight of the Bumblebee', here though not on the same occasion as Joerg Wachsmuth is wearing lederhosen. It was also discovered that players of conventional tubas do seem to be drawn to the piece, perhaps as a challenge. That site also has a brilliant video of a 7-tuba pile-up when a marching band gets it wrong. It is probably no coincidence that Markneukirchen has a Music Museum; it has a Giant Violin, the largest playable in the world, as recorded in the Guinness World Records for 2012. It appears that this Contrabass Tuba normally lives in the museum; it is known as the riesentuba. (giant tuba) There is no Wikipedia page for the Contrabass Tuba alone, but there is a useful section on it in the Tuba page of Wikipedia. There is however a Wikipedia page for the Subcontrabass Tuba.

Left: Contrabass Tuba: 2012 Here's the same contrabass tuba in its cradle being put in its transport case. Is it not magnificent? "Left hand down a bit, Friedrich."

Left: Contrabass Tuba: 2012 The same tuba again, presumably in the Music Museum. It appears the player is about to be arrested by the Tuba Police. Note he is sitting on three piled-up chairs to reach the mouthpiece.

THE SUBCONTRABASS TUBA

Left: Subcontrabass Tuba: 1911 The Subcontrabass Tuba is a rather specialised taste. It plays an octave or more below a modern contrabass tuba; most are pitched in 36-foot Bb, or Bb-1 in SPN. Only a very small number of these instruments were made, and there appear to be only two playable examples in the world. The first was built by Adolphe Sax, who will be met many times in this gallery; it was a bourdon saxhorn in 52' Eb (which I think translates to Eb-1 in SPN) apparently built around 1862, and exhibited at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1867. There seems to be something iffy about the scale of this picture; the mouthpiece looks as though it would cover half the face of the man. Also the water-key looks huge and the piston valves do not seem to be in scale with the man's hand. I have a dark suspicion that this is a picture of a mere Contrabass Tuba (or even a normal tuba) that has been enlarged. The Reader is Warned. There is a Wikipedia page for the Subcontrabass Tuba.

Left: The First Subcontrabass Tuba by Sax: 1862 This really is Sax's bourdon saxhorn, in what is apparently his workshop in Rue de Dunkerque, Paris. If we assume that the man on the right is about 5'6", (people were shorter then) the tuba is about 11 feet tall, or 3.3 metres, significantly larger than the 2 metres of the Contrabass Tuba just above. The length of tubing is 17 metres. Note that it does not resemble the doubtful illustration just above. The bourdon saxhorn was last heard of in 1877, when it was sold at auction after Sax declared bankruptcy for the third time in his life. It sold for 410 francs to an unknown buyer. It then disappeared, which is odd because it's a big sort of thing to lose. There is much more information here.

BRASS DISPLAY IN PRAGUE MUSEUM

Left: Display of brass in the Czech Museum of Music, Prague: There are five double-belled instruments in this display in the Czech Museum of Music, Prague. There is a very peculiar single-bell item just left of centre which seems to have a football resting on its bell. It may be some sort of mute.

DOUBLE-BELL HELICON

Left: Double-bell Helicon: date unknown This is a close-up of one of the items in the display above. It is a double-belled Helicon. Apparently Czech versions are called Sediphones, named after their inventor, Josef Sediva, and they were popular in Russian marching bands. Sediva gave a collection of instruments to the Czech Museum of Music, and that is probably what is shown in the display above. Sediva also invented a deveopment of the helicon called the Herkulesophone. The Sousaphone was developed from the Helicon. The Helicon has a Wikipedia page, but double-bell versions are not mentioned.

FIVE-VALVE SCHEDIPHON (EUPHONIUM/TROMBONE)

Left: Schediphon with five valves: 1901 This is a Schediphon, invented by Josef Josefovich Schediwa, (1853-1915) of Odessa, Ukraine; we have met him before (spelled slightly differently) as the inventor of the Double-bell Helicon just above. This example was made by Bohland-Fuchs. The Schediphon had two bores of equal length, but differing diameter, apparently giving either a trombone (brighter) or euphonium (softer) timbre. Four of the rotary valves can be seen in the middle of the instrument; above and below these can be seen two interlinked rotary valves that presumably did the bore-swopping. The Schediphon was patented in 1901, and a subsequent patent (8733) taken out in 1902. It was a development of an 1885 design of the same shape called a Duetton or Lyrophone; searching for the Lyrophone has proved very frustrating, due to the omnipresence of the Lyrophone record company. There is more info here, and here.

Left: Schediphon with four valves: 1901 Another example, but this only has three rotary valves in the centre. There are still two interlinked rotary valves above and below these.

FIVE-VALVE TUBA

Left: C-tuba with five valves: Now This is a ZTU-C850L C-Tuba with five rotary valves; an unusually large number; the pipework almost obscures the main bore. C describes the key the instrument is built in; there are also Bb, F and Eb tubas. The bell diameter of this one is 310 mm. You can buy one at Thomann for a modest £2,866. They also sell alphorns.

SEVEN-BELL TRUMPET

Left: Trumpet with seven bells: 1900? If you think two bells are too many, prepare yourself for seven. Another invention of Adolphe Sax, this trumpet has separate pipework and bell for each note, to improve the accuracy of the tuning. This instrument is in the Musical Instruments Museum (MIM) in Brussels.

Left: Trumpet with seven bells: 1900 I don't think this is the same instrument as the one above, as some of the pipework looks different. But it is unquestionably a seven-belled trumpet. In an unknown museum.

Left: Trumpet with seven bells: 19?? This seven-belled trumpet, clearly a different design, is in the Royal Palace of Brussels, which suggests Mr Sax may have been involved.

THIRTEEN-BELL TRUMPET

THE GANSCHHORN

Left: Ganschhorn with three rotary valves: 2012 This is not a trumpet that has been sat on, it is a ganschhorn, which is essentially a trumpet modified to use rotary valves. The tube leading to the bell is bent to make room for them. No mouthpiece is fitted in the photo. Apparently 'Gansch' is German for 'Goose', and this may be something to do with the shape. But further research indicates that actually it was designed by a Thomas Gansch. Mr Goose? The ganschhorn was only invented in 2012. There is more info here, and you can hear a ganschorn on YouTube.

PICCOLO TRUMPET

Left: Piccolo Trumpet by Yamaha with four piston valves: now The Piccolo Trumpet is the smallest member of the trumpet family. The tubing in a Bb piccolo trumpet is half the length of that in a standard Bb trumpet, and so it is pitched one octave higher. Note the unusual position of the water-key, which at present I can't explain. The most famous use of the piccolo trumpet is in the bridge section of the Beatles song Penny Lane, beginning at about 1:06. The Piccolo Trumpet has a Wikipedia page.

TRUMPET WITH FOUR ROTARY VALVES

Left: Trumpet with four rotary valves: 2012 This trumpet has rotary valves but is not a Ganschhorn. It is billed as "a cheap High Bb-Trumpet"The advert here says it is "with cylinder valves" which from the look of it means rotary valves. It costs £371.00, which doesn't sound much for a quite complicated device.

THE SAXHORN

Left: Contrabass Saxhorn: 1864 This is a contrabass Saxhorn, with rotating bell, made by Adolphe Sax in 1864. Specimen in Musée de la Musique in Paris. I have been there, and it is a very good museum.

THE SUDROPHONE

Left: Sudrophone: 1892 Now it's not every day you come across a Sudrophone; it's more than a bit odd. The sudrophone is a brass instrument with a conical bore and three or four piston valves, invented by French instrument maker François Sudre. (1844-1912) He invented a family of Sudrophones running from soprano to contrabass. The concept was patented by Sudre in 1892. (#219518) The really odd feature is the cylinder, called the mirliton attached to the bell, which is a sort of kazoo-like thing with a silk membrane which creates a nasal or buzzing effect; Sudre intended this to produce a timbre resembling a cello or a bassoon. The membrane connects with the inside of the bell via a rectangular opening that can be opened and closed by the player; (which was probably just as well) when it was closed you got the usual saxhorn sound. The Sudrophone has a Wikipedia page. You can hear some good jazz Sudrophone on YouTube; you can see a cylinder fixed to the bell, this is the mirliton; as far as I can tell it is not used in the performance. You can hear a bass sudrophone on Facebook. The mirliton is switched on about half-way through. I'm not convinced it was a major advance in musical technology. The Sudrophone never became popular, and one reason given is that the membrane in the mirliton became wet after a lot of playing, and stopped working. This specimen is in the University of Edinburgh Musical Instrument Museum, at St Cecilia's Hall.

Left: Baritone Sudrophone: 1892 Close-up of the mirliton on a baritone Sudrophone. The swivelling ring that controls it can be just seen above and to the right of the mouthpiece. The word mirliton is derived from tall hats worn by hussars etc. See Wikipedia. The name was presumably inspired by the fact that the mirliton on the instrument was a vertical cylinder. I have so far failed to find a picture of a Contrabass Sudrophone. Can anyone help?

THE CLAVICOR

Left: A Clavicor: 1837 The clavicor was invented by H. Danays in Paris in 1837; it was intended to advantageously replace the alto ophicleide. The original design employed three piston valves, later replaced on Köhler's 'Patent Lever Clavicor' with Shaw disc valves. Shaw's valve was meant to address the perceived problem of sharp angles in the tubing; today this is not considered to be a significant issue. Clavicors were made in the keys of C and Eb. It is not currently clear what advantage the original instrument was supposed to have over others. Not to be confused with the clavichord, which is a stringed keyboard instrument, nor the Clavinet, which is an amplified clavichord. The clavicor has a Wikipedia page, but it tells you very little. This specimen is in the University of Edinburgh Musical Instrument Museum, at St Cecilia's Hall. Nominal pitch Eb. Made by Piatet et Benoit.

CONTRABASS TROMBONE

Above: Contrabass trombone: date unknown This is a Contrabass Trombone in 16-ft C, Nominal pitch: 16-ft C. Here the bore has a double telescopic section, controlled by a handle, to deal with the increasing pipe lengths as you go contrabass. No mouthpiece is fitted. Note optional crook for changing the key of the instrument. Specimen in the University of Edinburgh Musical Instrument Museum, at St Cecilia's Hall. There is more info at contrabass.com.

TENOR VALVE-TROMBONE

Left: Tenor valve-trombone: date unknown This item is described as a tenor valve-trombone in Bb. Apparently a brass instrument can be called a trombone even if there is no slide. It is not clear how you hold it; the upper part looks too high to rest on your shoulder. By Pietro Borsari (Italy) in 1870. Needs a polish. Badly.

THE JAZZOPHON

Left: The Jazzophon: 1926 The Jazzophon/Jazzophone was an attempt to make a trumpet-based equivalent to the saxophone. Saxophones were, and are, relatively expensive because of the large amount of complicated keywork, but a trumpet only has (usually) three valves. (I bought my tenor saxophone a few years back for £400, which I think a good price, though I would not claim it is the best tenor sax in the world) The Jazzophon is played with a trumpet mouthpiece, and it was claimed any trumpeter could play it easily. The key point (apart from the sax-like shape) is the two bells. The Jazzophon has an extra fourth valve mounted underneath. When depressed it switches between the two bells, one of which has a built-in wah-wah mute. The Jazzophon was invented by Richard Oskar Heber (1872-1938) in Germany; the first adverts for it appeared in 1926. There is a really excellent web page on the Jazzophon here. It also covers the Normaphon, a saxophone shaped trumpet with only one bell, also invented by Richard Oskar Heber. The Normaphon is not blessed with a Wikipedia page, but there is more information on it in Brasspedia, where is also a positive cornucopia (ha!) of odd brass instruments, many of them with double bells. The Jazzophon has a Wikipedia page, but they spell it Jazzophone.

THE NORMAPHON

Left: The Normaphone: 1924 The Normaphon/Normaphone was invented by Richard Oskar Heber, like the Jazzophon. (1872-1938). It was a single-bell version of the Jazzophon. It has been stated that approximately 100 Normaphons were built from 1924/25 to 1930, but serial numbers range from 0104 to 0441, suggesting several hundred were produced. They were built in soprano, alto and tenor sizes. It did not catch on. There is an excellent page on the Normaphon in Brasspedia.

THE BALLAD HORN

Left: Ballad Horn in nominal pitch C: 1870 The Ballad Horn was invented by Henry Distin around 1870 and was aimed at amateur players; since it was in the key of C it allowed them to play the top line of song or piano music without transposing. It demonstrates the popularity of brass instruments for amateur musicians during the 19th century. It was called the Ballad Horn, because much of what was played on it would be ballads. The Ballad Horn does not have a Wikipedia page. Shameful.

THE VOCAL HORN

Left: Vocal Horn in nominal pitch C: 1862 The Vocal horn was nothing to do with making an instrument that sounded like the human voice. Like the Ballad Horn above (which it preceded) the idea was to make an instrument that was easy to play and was in the key of C; therefore like the Ballad Horn, there was a great deal of music available without transposing. The first vocal horns were made by Rudall, Rose, Carte & Co in Great Britain, probably in 1862. The firm was absorbed by Boosey & Hawkes in the 1940s. The Vocal Horn does not have a Wikipedia page.

THE CORNOPHONE

Left: Tenor Cornophone: 1880 The Cornophone was invented by the instrument manufacturer Fontaine Besson (of both in Paris and London) around 1880, in an attempt to create a unified family of brass horns. It is resembles the saxhorn but uses a narrow mouthpiece more like a French horn mouthpiece. As you can see from the relative size of the mouthpiece, the tenor version is quite a small instrument. The Cornophone also does not have a Wikipedia page, but there is more info here.

THE ANTONIOPHONE

Left: Alto Bb Antoniophone: 1889 The Antoniophone looks rather like a French Horn that someone has tried to unwind, but given up on the job. The bell faces forward and upwards, rather like a saxophone. Its invention is credited to Antoine Courtois, after whom they were named. This example was made by Boosey & Co in 1889. A review of a concert that took place in Shoreditch, London, in 1872 (in aid of the funds of the Post Office Orphan Home) reported that Alfred Phasey played a solo "on a new instrument termed antoniophone" that "excited considerable curiosity". The reporter describes the instrument as being "of the same pitch as the Euphonium, but possessing the tone of the Trombone". The Antoniophone also does not have a Wikipedia page.

Left: Antoine Courtois with Antoniophone: 1867 The date in the text is 1867.

Left: Bass Antoniophone: 1888

THE COMPRESSED HUNTING-HORN

Left: Compressed Hunting-Horn: circa 1862 This is described as a 'Cornet-trompe in D' by the The Met Fifth Avenue museum, who have it. The tubing has been routed to make the horn more compact and easier to carry while hunting on horseback. It is attributed to Alphonse (Antoine) Sax. On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 680.

THE OMNITONIC HORN

Left: Omnitonic Horn by J B dupont: 1815 The Omnitonic Horn was invented to allow a horn to be tuned into every key without the use of separate crooks, by means of a long sliding multi-position valve. The first omnitonic horn was constructed around 1815 by J B Dupont of Paris, France. Note that the usual valves of a trumpet are not fitted. As you can see, this involved a lot of brass tubing. The straight pipe at centre-left appears to be the sliding valve. The brass box near the mouthpiece at upper left is just an 8-way splitter leading to the lengths of tubing. There is more information here. There is no Wikipedia page for the Omnitonic Horn (shame!) but there is some info in Wikipedia Commons.

Left: Omnitonic Horn by unknown maker: 18?? Here the sliding valve is under the array of crooks in the centre. Mouthpiece missing.

Left: Omnitonic Horn by unknown maker: 18?? A different method of coiling the various pipes. Mouthpiece missing.

CADUCEUS-POCKET-CORNET

Left: The Caduceus Pocket Cornet: Now This is a Caduceus Pocket Cornet made by Rob Scott. The instrument was invented by Adalbert Riedl around 1900. Riedl was also much invoved with Echo Cornets. A Caduceus is the winged staff carried by the Greek god Hermes that has two snakes coiled round it; the reference is to the way the pipework coils twice around the three valves. There is more info here.

THE ECHO CORNET

Left: The Echo Cornet: 1883 The Echo Cornet has two bells, one normal bell and a second one which constituted a sort of mute. A fourth valve (below and to the right of the main three valves) switched from normal to muted, so if you played a note on the normal bell and then repeated it on the muted bell, the second note would be fainter and of different quality, giving the effect of a single echo. The muted bell is in the form of a double cone, with a small hole at the left end. This Echo Cornet is in the nominal Pitch of C, made by F Besson circa 1883. Specimen in the University of Edinburgh Musical Instrument Museum, at St Cecilia's Hall. There is more info here. One of the most famous cornet solos for the Echo Cornet is 'Alpine Echoes' written by Basil Windsor. There doesn't seem to be such an instrument as an Echo Trumpet, though there is an organ-stop of that name. There is also an organ stop called the Echo Cornet.

Left: The Riedel Echo Cornet: 1883 This alternative type of Echo Cornet was introduced by Adalbert Riedl; the mute bell terminates in a hemisphere rather than a cone; a sliding tube was inserted in the aperture so the tone-quality could be altered. Reidel was born in Bohemia in 1854 and emigrated to the USA in 1879. He was listed in the 1900 Chicago census as an instrument maker.

Left: The Riedel Echo Cornet: 1883 Here the sliding tube in the mute bell is extended.

THE FLUGEL-CORNET

Left: The Pelitti Flugel-Cornet: 1893 This two-belled instrument is a combination of a Flugelhorn and a Cornet, made in 1890 by the Italian instrument maker and inventor Guiseppe Pelitti in Milan, Italy. A four valve switched between the small bell, (for an open, bright, brilliant tone like that of cornet), and the larger bell which gave a dark, smooth sound. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Left: The Rancilio Flugel-Cornet: 1919 Another two-belled Flugel-Cornet made around 1919 by the Italian Dante Rancilio in Milan, Italy. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

THE CIMBASSO

Left: The Cimbasso: Now This is a Cimbasso, a sort of hybrid between a Trombone and a Tuba. It provides an instrument with the bass range of a Tuba or Contrabass Trombone, but with more of the tonal quality of a Trombone, as its bore is mostly cylindrical. The Cimbasso has a forward-facing bell and is valve operated, usually with 4 to 6 valves, which makes it more agile than a Contrabass Trombone with its heavy slide. This one has 5 valves. Cimbasso is the popular name for Contrabass Valve-Trombones, most often with vertical valve sections. There is also a Cimbassino, a diminutive Cimbasso; more info here. In case it's not obvious, the name indicates a diminutive Cimbasso, the popular name for Contrabass Valve Trombones, most often with vertical valve sections. I do like the two little perforated girders towards the top of the instrument. The Cimbasso is not obsolete; it has been increasingly been used in film and video game soundtracks to get an ominous low brass sound. The Cimbasso has a good Wikipedia page. There is more info here; there is a YouTube of the sound of the Cimbasso at the bottom of the page.

THE FLUBA

Left: The Fluba: now The Fluba is what you might expect- a hybrid instrument that is partly Flugelhorn and partly Tuba, invented by Jim Self, who is no relation. Essentially it's a Tuba-sized Flugelhorn. It looks far from balanced, and a difficult thing to hold up.

SCULPTURE

Left: Sculpture made of brass instrument parts: date unknown No, it's not a musical instrument, though after perusing this gallery for a while you might well think it is. It is a sculpture in the Grand National Hotel in Lucerne, Switzerland, made up of random brass instrument parts. I count at least three bells, not counting the one acting as a stand. Needs a good polish.

WOODWIND

Left: Couesnophone by unknown maker: 1924 The Couesnophone (pronounced 'queenophone') was invented and patented by the French instrument maker Couesnon in 1924. It was more commonly called the "goofus", perhaps because it was easier to say, or more likely because a 'queenophone' doesn't sound like a very manly instrument. Couesnon described it as a saxophone jouet (toy saxophone) suggesting it was not intended as a serious musical instrument. Nontheless it was made popular in the 1920s by Adrian Rollini, who even recorded in a band named after the instrument. The Couesnophone is a free-reed polyphonic instrument in a saxophone shape, with valves arranged like the keys on a piano. It is very similar in principle to a Melodica. I have one. (A Melodica, not a Couesnophone) If anyone thinks the Melodica is not cool, I have seen Donald Fagen play one, and I'm not going to argue about what's cool with him. The Couesnophone has a Wikipedia page. You can hear a Couesnophone on YouTube; the solo starts at 1:48. To be honest it doesn't sound very impressive; rather thin and reedy, with a definite hint of Melodica about it.

THE MARTIN HORN

Left: A Bass Martin Horn: 1907 There seems to be an endless procession if instruments I had never heard of. This unlikely-looking four-belled machine is a Martin Horn, valved with free reeds. Each bell gives only one note. There are two valves which select the note, presumably on a binary basis, routing air to the correct reed. There are many versions, some with only four notes, and some are chromatic with 16 notes. The Martin horn was introduced by Max B Martin. The Martin company originally produced railway horns, then a 4-tone car horn. Adding valves produced a basic musical instrument. Production began in 1907. It was popularised as a band instrument in the 1920s by the German communist party. The Martin Horn is still played by bands in Germany today, and the Martin company still exists, making signalling trumpets and signalling horns for railways etc, and apparently still making musical horns; see here. A Martin Alt Schalmei 16-tone chromatic horn will set you back 1,860 Euros. I've ordered a dozen. In German they are called Schalmei. (Shawms) There is some more info here, and a very fine collection of Martin horn pictures here.

THE SARRUSOPHONE

Left: A collection of Sarrusophones: 1856 The Sarrusophones are a family of metal double reed conical bore woodwind instruments patented and first manufactured by French instrument maker Pierre-Louis Gautrot in 1856. From the left are bass, baritone, tenor, alto, and soprano Sarrusophones. The music card holders give some idea of the scale. Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Left: A contrabass Sarrusophone: 1856 This is a contrabass Sarrusophone that looks like it could do with a good polish. The sarrusophone was primarily intended to give more volume than bassoons and oboes in marching bands; however this contrabass does not look like a practical marching instrument. Gautrot named the sarrusophone after French bandmaster Pierre-Auguste Sarrus, (1813-1876) but it is not currently clear how much Sarrus contributed the invention of the Sarrusophone. The Soprano Sarrusophone has a Wikipedia page. The Alto Sarrusophone has a Wikipedia page. The Tenor Sarrusophone has a Wikipedia page. The Baritone Sarrusophone has a Wikipedia page. It is sometimes colloquially known as the combat bassoon, though it is not entirely clear how you would use it as a weapon. Perhaps you could stuff the bell with gunpowder and shrapnel and use it as a blunderbuss. The Bass Sarrusophone has a Wikipedia page. The Contrabass Sarrusophone has a Wikipedia page. There is a mass of information on Sarrusophones at contrabass.com. You can hear a Soprano Sarrusophone on YouTube.

SAXOPHONES

Left: The Saxophone family: Now The Saxophone was invented by Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in the early 1840s, being patented on 28 June 1846. The saxophones are shown here to scale. (I think) They are all 'conventional' saxophones, apart from the extremes in size. There were many less common variations, a recent invention being the Aulochrome. The Saxophone unsurprisingly has a comprehensive Wikipedia page. Source: US Navy

Left: The Saxophone family extended Here we have a rather more diverse collection of saxophones. The big one in the centre is a Bass Saxophone. Also shown are instruments from Sopranino to Bass including straight versions of the Alto and Tenor Saxophones. You can also see a Slide Saxophone, (immediately to the right of the Bass Saxophone) a Saxello, (extreme left, I think) and a Stritch. (a straight Alto, second left from the Bass Saxophone) At present it is not wholly clear which instrument is which. There is a Conn-o-Sax (easily spotted by its spherical bell with two holes in) second right from the Bass Saxophone; the bulbous bell is similar to that of a Cor Anglais or Bass Oboe.

THE SOPRILLO SAXOPHONE

Left: Soprillo Saxophone: Now This is the smallest saxophone made; it is manufactured only by Benedikt Eppelsheim in Germany. Its written range is Bb3-Eb6, sounding Ab4 (415.3 Hz) to Db7 (2217 Hz) which is an octave above the Bb Soprano Saxophone. It is said to be "...a little tricky to play" and I'll bet it is. A snip at £5239 each. The Soprillo Saxophone is so small that is necessary to make the octave key part of the mouthpiece. There is more info here.

Left: Soprillo Saxophone: Now Demonstrating the small size of the Soprillo Saxophone, clocking in at a fraction over 13 inches.

THE SOPRANINO SAXOPHONE

Left: Sopranino Saxophone: Now The Sopranino Saxophone sounds one octave above the Alto Saxophone. Due to the short bore length they are usually made straight, as shown here, like the Soprillo and Soprano Saxophones. Some are built in the same shape as an Alto Sax, but this has the disadvantage that it looks rather like a toy saxophone. There is more info here.

THE BASS SAXOPHONE

Left: Bass Saxophone: Now Saxophones are made in many sizes, ranging from Soprillo to Subcontrabass. The common sizes are Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and (less commonly) Baritone. The Bass Saxophone is rarely encountered, but here it is, looking rather like a Baritone sax on steroids. This one is in B. It boasts a Flat H key, an Auxiliary key A, and a High F key. From the bell the bore goes down, up all the way, down again, and up again to reach the mouthpiece. This is similar to a baritone sax but the bore sections are naturally longer. The rod to the right of the bell is an adjustable floor support. One of these is yours for only 10,012 Euros, from Drum-Factory.de. It weighs 8.6 kg. It comes with a case on wheels...

Left: Bass Saxophone: 2023 This gives you a feel for the size of a Bass Saxophone. It is feasible, if not comfortable, to sling it from your neck. There is more info on this particular machine here.

THE CONTRABASS SAXOPHONE

Left: Contrabass Saxophone: date? The Contrabass Saxophone is a hefty instrument standing about 2 metres high and weighing about 20 kilograms, which in the EU is set as the maximum load to be lifted by one person. Nevertheless, it was carried in marching bands in the early 20th century. It is pitched in Eb one octave below the Baritone Saxophone, requiring twice the length of tubing and bore width. You can hear a Contrabass Eb Saxophone played by Marcel Helland on YouTube.

Left: Contrabass Saxophone: date? Here's a Contrabass Saxophone with player to give scale; it is a formidable instrument. Images like this lead one to suspect Photoshop, but I think this is real. There is more information here. The Contrabass Saxophone has a Wikipedia page. You can hear an Eb Contrabass Saxophone on YouTube, starting at 8:31.

Left: Contrabass Saxophone: date? Yes, you really can sling a Contrabass Saxophone around your neck, though whether the result looks dignified is doubtful.

Left: Contrabass Saxophone: 2022 This is probably a better way, though you could argue it is also a bit undignified. Here multi-instrumentalist Scott Robinson is playing his Contrabass Saxophone in the Maria Schneider Orchestra at the Newport Jazz Festival. The year is believed to be 2022. Note the Contrabass Saxophone is lashed to a wheeled trolley. A microphone is placed over the bell; it is perhaps surprising it needed amplifying. There is what is probably a Soprano Saxophone to the left of the Contrabass Saxophone.

THE SUBCONTRABASS SAXOPHONE

Left: Subcontrabass Saxophone: date? At present it appears that there is only one Subcontrabass Saxophone in the world, and here it is. Like the Contrabass Tuba, it sits in a special frame to be played. In fact, it probably never leaves it. You wouldn't want to hang it round your neck. That is not Nigel Farage. There is more information here. You can hear the Subcontrabass Saxophone as part of a Big Band on YouTube, played by Attilio Berni. In the second half he switches to what appears to be a tiny Soprillo Saxophone, then goes back to the Subcontrabass. Impressive!

Left: Subcontrabass Saxophone: date? Another view of the Subcontrabass Saxophone, with a Soprano Sax (the smallest in common use) to the right for comparison purposes.

THE CONTRABASS TUBAX

Left: The Contrabass Tubax: 1999 As you have seen from the pictures just above, a Contrabass Saxophone is an unwieldy piece of machinery. This was addressed by Benedikt Eppelsheim in Germany, who produced the Tubax, a combination of Tuba and Sax. The Tubax bore is folded four times rather than the three of the Contrabass Saxophone, making it more compact. The Tubax has a Wikipedia page.

Left: The Contrabass Tubax: 1999 Oliver Saar plays a Eb Contrabass Tubax at Jazztage Idar-Oberstein in 2017. You can hear a Contrabass Tubax on YouTube. You can buy one for £24,939. Run, don't walk, to your music shop.

THE SUBCONTRABASS TUBAX

Left: The Subcontrabass Tubax: now The Subcontrabass Saxophone is even more awkward to deal with than the Contrabass Saxophone, so Benedikt Eppelsheim rose to the challenge with the Bb Subcontrabass Tubax, which sounds an octave below the Bass Saxophone. You can hear a Subcontrabass Tubax on YouTube. You can buy one for £30,139. There is more info on the Eppelsheim website.

THE CONN-O-SAX

Left: The Conn-o-Sax: 1928 The Conn-O-Sax was a radical F Alto Saxophone made for a short time by American instrument manufacturer Conn in 1928. It combined elements of the Saxophone, the Cor Anglas, and the Heckelphone. The fingering was the same as a normal Saxophone. Given the enormous popularity of the Saxophone in the years 1915 to 1925, Conn hoped it would sell as a novelty instrument; they were wrong, it failed in the market place and had disappeared from Conn's catalogues by 1930. Only 25 Conn-O-Sax's now exist. A notable feature of the Conn-O-Sax is the presence of two circular holes on the sides of the spherical bell. They may provide some subtle acoustic property, but I suspect not. I have heard it said that only the lowest notes sound anything like a Cor Anglais, and that's no doubt to do with the spherical bell. You can hear a Conn-O-Sax on YouTube. Sounds pretty much like a normal Saxophone to me.

Left: The Conn-o-Sax: 1928 In this advert Conn are leaning heavily into the novelty factor of the Conn-O-Sax. Unfortunately it didn't work. There wasn't a Big Demand to satisfy. Ad for the Conn-O-Sax in Musical Truth, published by C G Conn, 1928.

THE SAXELLO

Left: Soprano Saxello: 1925 The H N White Company, (manufacturers of King Band Instruments) introduced the Saxello in the early 1920's. It had a curved neck, a straight body tube and a bell tipped up at 90 degrees. Other Saxellos had the bell at a lesser angle, as shown here. The picture shows a contemporary Rampone & Cazzani R1 Jazz Saxello, which will set you back £6,299.00. To quote one player: "Every Saxello I've played had a bad scale (meaning, poor intonation)." Nevertheless, they command high prices in the collectors market. The Saxello does not have a Wikipedia page. You can hear a Saxello on YouTube. Sounds alright to me.

Left: Saxello advert: 1925 With any odd instrument there is a question as to what issue it was supposed to address. Here the ease of swopping instruments when 'doubling' gets top billing. 'Doubling' is when a playe swops instruments during a piece. It extols the comfortable playing position, and the built-in rest that stands on the player's thigh. The allegedly superior tone of the instrument (see above for one contrary opinion) only gets second billing. If you zoom into the picture the small text should be readable. Source: Metronome was an independent music magazine published from January 1885 to December 1961.

Left: Variations on bell angle in soprano saxophones: 1925 The King Saxello is the middle instrument. Source: Unknown

THE STRITCH

Left: The Stritch: 1927 The jazz musician Rahsaan Roland Kirk, noted for playing two (or more) saxophones at once, called his straight Buescher Alto Saxophone a "Stritch" for reasons unknown, and the name has persisted. He called his Saxello a "Manzello". The Stritch does not have its own Wikipedia page, but is briefly mentioned on the Wikipedia Saxophone page. You can hear Roland Kirk's actual Stritch played on YouTube.

Left: The Stritch: 1927 Promoting the Straight Buescher Alto Saxophone. It was not called a Stritch at this point.

Left: The Stritch: 1927 Rahsaan Roland Kirk demonstrates what it truly means to be a multi-instrumentalist. The Stritch is in the middle, and I think that's the Saxello on the left. Looks like a standard Tenor Sax to the right. You can hear Roland Kirk's actual Stritch played on YouTube.

THE SLIDE SAXOPHONE

Left: The : 1999 A Slide Saxophone uses a plunger in the bore to give an infinitely variable frequency of note. There were four or five different makes of slide sax, but by far the best known is the Swanee Sax - so called because of its similarity to the Swanee Whistle. There is an excellent page on the Swanee Saxophone here. There is more info here

THE AULOCHROME

Left: The Aulochrome: 1999 The Aulochrome is a sort of stereo soprano Saxophone, consisting of two Soprano Saxophones joined together at the mouthpiece end; it appears there are two separate reeds, but this is currently unconfirmed. The two sections can be played either separately or together. It was invented by Belgian François Louis and first prototyped in 1999. From the Aulochrome website: "It allows producing differential tones (a virtual bass note resulting from the difference of the frequencies of the two notes of one interval) as well as additional tones, extending the lower register far below the deepest note determined by the length of the pipes. Also, a tiny "mistuning" of the unison generates beats; players can control the rhythm of the pulsations." The Aulochrome has a brief Wikipedia page.

Left: The Aulochrome played by Fabrizio Cassol: 2003 You can hear Fabrizio Cassol on YouTube playing the Aulochrome at the Midelheim Jazz Festival, on 4th August 2003 There is more info on Fabrizio Cassol here.

THE SOPRALTO BRAITHOPHONE

Left: The Braithophone The Sopralto Braithophone consists of Soprano and Alto Saxophones joined together, and meeting in a double bell. Each half has its own mouthpiece; they are placed close together so both can be used at once. The instrument is designed so that the fingering for simultaneous playing to produce intervals in unison, octaves, fourths, sixths etc, is possible. It is not currently known when the first one was made. The Sopralto Braithophone was invented by jazz improviser and composer George Braith, The Sopralto Braithophone has a website here. You can buy one for $6,999

Left: The Braithophone The Sopralto Braithophone in its case. You can hear a Braithophone on YouTube. It's quite a big instrument and the player is resting its lower end on a stool. The Braithophone does not currently have a Wikipedia page.

Left: An early Braithophone According to this page in Facebook, the Braithophone took more than 35 years to develop. Here Braith plays an early version with a single bell for the two saxophones.

THE ROTHOPHONE

Left: The Rothophone: 1908 The Rothophone (or Rothphone) was invented by Ferdinando Roth in 1908; it looks like an anorexic saxophone. It can be played using a single or double-reed, but was apparently intended to use a double-reed. Like the Sarrusophone, it was intended to replace oboes and bassoons in military bands. It didn't. The Rothophone did see some use in Italian wind and military bands in the Twenties and Thirties, but it was almost unknown outside Italy. The Rothophone has a Wikipedia page. In this YouTube video you can hear a soprano Rothophone starting at 2:36. It is believed to be the only one in existence. It sounds rather like an oboe.

REED CONTRABASS

Left: Reed Contrabass: 1856 The Reed Contrabass is a metal double-reed woodwind instrument in the bass-contrabass register, pitched in C. It has an unusually wide conical bore, the width allowing each note to be sounded by opening only one tone hole, which greatly simplifies the fingering. The lowest note is usually D1. (36.7 Hz) It rather resembles the Contrabass Sarrusophone but they are different instruments. In French it is a Contrebasse a anche. The instrument is generally obsolete, being replaced by the Contra-Bassoon, but is still played in Italy. You can hear the Reed Contrabass on YouTube; it makes a grunting noise that the audience seems to find amusing. The Reed Contrabass has a good Wikipedia page. This specimen is in the University of Edinburgh Musical Instrument Museum, at St Cecilia's Hall; there is more info here

THE CONTRAFORTE

Left: The Contraforte: Now The Contraforte (Kontraforte in German) is a redesigned Contra-Bassoon, produced by Benedikt Eppelsheim (1967 - 2023) and Guntram Wolf. (1935 – 2013) The Contraforte uses a wider bore than the Contra-Bassoon giving a distinctive timbre that is more consistent in strength and intonation across the ranges of notes. The Contraforte has a written range from A1 to G5 (in Scientific Pitch Notation), sounding A0 to G4. (in SPN) The Contraforte has a Wikipedia page. You can hear Lewis Lipnick (Principal Contrabassoon in the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington DC, USA) playing the Contraforte on YouTube. I am no music-critic but I reckon it sounds definitely better thah a Bassoon.

THE LUPOPHON

Left: Bass Lupophon: Now The Lupophon (or Lupophone) is a rethought bass oboe, developed by by Guntram Wolf of Kronach and Benedikt Eppelsheim of Munich. It is manufactured by Wolf's company, and you can see more details on the Wolf website. The name is derived from 'lupo' which is Latin for Wolf. The Lupophon has a Wikipedia page. You can hear a Lupophon on YouTube here, and here.

Left: The Contra-Bass Lupophon: Now This Lupophon (or Lupophone) is the contra-bass version. It was developed by by Guntram Wolf of Kronach and Benedikt Eppelsheim of Munich. The Lupophon has a Wikipedia page. You can hear a Contrabass Lupophon on YouTube. Guntram Wolf.

THE SERPENT

Left: Serpent display in MIM The Serpent is hybrid brass/woodwind instrument with a trombone-like mouthpiece, with tone holes and fingering like a woodwind instrument. The bore is bent in a serpentine shape so the tone holes are reachable. The Serpent is not very Unusual, but I could not resist this ingenious display of Serpents in MIM, Brussels. The sound of the Serpent was considered unsatisfactory, and it was replaced, first by the Ophicleide, and finally by the Valved Tuba. The Serpent has a Wikipedia page.

BASSOONS

THE CONTRA-BASSOON

Left: Wolf Contra-Bassoons The Contra-Bassoon (AKA the Double Bassoon) sounds an octave lower than the ordinary Bassoon. The picture shows Contra-Bassoons by Wolf. According to Wolf, one of them can be dismantled and carried onto an aeroplane as hand luggage. The one on the right seems to have a key right near the mouthpiece, operated by a Bowden cable; function currently unknown. The Contrabassoon has a Wikipedia page.

Far left: Contra-Bassoon of unknown make. Left: Dean Zook of the GreatFalls Symphony Orchestra with his Contra-Bassoon Using a strut to support the instrument is very necessary.

CLARINETS

Left: Clarinet collection This is a collection of clarinets by LeBlanc, ranging from Eb soprano to Double BBb Contrabass. The distinguishing features of the clarinaet are its single reed and an essentially cylindrical bore. I'm not going to pretend I can identify all the instruments here, but I am sure that the Eb soprano is right at the front in the middle, and I think we can safely assume that the Double BBb Contrabass is the tallest instrument. Clarinets in general have a Wikipedia page.

THE BASS CLARINET

Far Left: Conventional bass clarinets: Left: Leblanc Bass Clarinet The usual Bass Clarinet has its bore in one long straight tube, and it is rather too common to be called an Unusual Instrument. Note the foot-pegs for supporting the weight of the instrument. In contrast the LeBlanc version folds the bore once, giving a more compact insrument. Presumably you rested it on your lap. The Bass Clarinet has a Wikipedia page.

THE CONTRABASS CLARINET

Left: Contrabass Clarinet in Bb: contemporary This contrabass clarinet is 2.31 meters long. Its range extends to an octave lower than the B-flat Bass Clarinet. It is made by Selmer, and will set you back a cool £29,268.73 each. The Contrabass Clarinet has a Wikipedia page. There is more info at contrabass.com.

Left: Contrabass Clarinet by Leblanc: date? Since a Contrabass Clarinet built in a straight line is a rather unwieldy instrument, folded versions have been made. This instrument by Leblanc has the tube running up from the mouthpiece, then down to the bottom, then up to the bell.

THE SUBCONTRABASS CLARINET

Left: Subcontrabass clarinet: 1935 Where advanced plumbing and music meet. The Subcontrabass or Octobass Clarinet is pitched an octave below the Contrabass Clarinet. The bore goes down from the mouthpiece, up to the top, down to the bottom, and then up to the bell. There is more info on this instrument in a section of the Contrabass Clarinet Wikipedia page.

THE QUARTER-TONE DOUBLE CLARINET

Left: Quarter-Tone Double Clarinet: 1928 Some people think that quarter-tone music (24 notes per octave) is a good idea. It was proposed by 19th-century music theorists Heinrich Richter in 1823, and Mikhail Mishaqa around 1840. Quarter tones can be played on a conventional clarinet, by using non-standard fingerings, but this is hard in rapid bits of music, and nominally identical clarinets give varying results. The instrument builder Fritz Schüller (1883-1977) took a radical approach to the problem in 1928 by building the double clarinet shown here. There is a single mouthpiece connected to two parallel bores, one slightly longer than the other, giving effectively two clarinets tuned a quarter tone apart. A single set of keywork controlled the tone holes of both bores simultaneously, giving a very crowded look. A rotary valve just after the mouthpiece allowed rapid switching from one bore to the other, though it is not currently clear how this was actuated. The two bores join together at the bottom end to share one bell. There is more info on this instrument Here. There is a Wikipedia page for this instrument, but it is a copy of the content in the link above. According to this link, quarter-tone cross fingerings are widespread, and apparently standard technique in French orchestral playing today. This link gives details of a clarinet mouthpiece incorporating a hollow metal cylinder about 4 cm long and 1 cm across, containing a piston worked by a Bowden cable (like a bicycle brake cable) from a foot pedal. This can drop the pitch by up to a semitone, and sounds a good deal more practical than the Double Clarinet.

THE HECKELPHONE

Left: Heckelphone in nominal pitch C: 1904 The Heckelphone is a double-reed instrument similar to the oboe but (like the bass oboe) pitched an octave lower. It was invented by Wilhelm Heckel and his sons, on the suggestion of Richard Wagner. It has a significantly larger bore than an oboe, giving a heavier and more penetrating tone. It should not be confused with the Cor anglais, which is basically an alto oboe, and has a differently shaped bulge at the lower end. Note that the Heckelphone has nothing to do with hurlng abuse at public meetings. A distinguishing feature is the spherical bulge at the lower end. A Heckelphone is about 1.3 m (4ft 3in) long and is therefore rather heavy. It is usually rested on the floor, supported by a short metal rod attached to the underside of the bell Only some 150 Heckelphones were been made, of which about 100 are believed to still exist. There is an excellent Wikipedia page for the Heckelphone. There is more info at contrabass.com. You can hear a Heckelphone trio here. (Post #21)

FLUTES

Left: A diverse collection of Flutes I am particulary intrigued by the flute second from left, which not only has a recurve at the bottom end, but also a recurve at the top (blowing) end, plus a complete 360-degree spiral. Probably a contrabass flute, but hard to be sure. The third from right is also worthy of note. there is a U-bend at the blowing end, and an extended bracket at the other, presumably so you could rest the end on the floor without obstructing the open end of the bore. That is, I believe a bass flute. Bass flutes are often made in a J-shape. (recurve) As to the thing on the extreme left, I have no idea what it is. Can anyone help? Flutes have a good Wikipedia page.

Left: The International Superflutes Collective The International Superflutes Collective is a flute-playing organisation with a core of 12 members that plays globally. Christine Beard (see below) is a member. The instrumentation covers everything from piccolo to contrabass flute. I hesitate to try to identify the flutes, but there is a Contrabass Flute at bottom right, and at least four flutes with a recurve that are either Alto or Bass flutes. There is more info here. You can hear them on YouTube

HARMONICAS

Left: The Trumpet Harmonica This is a Trumpet-Call Harmonica, made by Hohner between 1907-1930. A limited edition was produced recently in 2005-2008. Rather disturbingly, I have found nothing on the Interwebs about the effect of the five horns on the sound; it might well alter the timbre, but I should have thought it a safe assumption that the volume would be much increased as the horns improved the coupling to the impedance of the air. The adverts I have seen only stress its arresting appearance on stage. There is more info here on Reddit.

Left: The Trumpet Harmonica This one has its name on.

STRINGS

THE STROH VIOLIN AND OTHER STROH INSTRUMENTS

Left: The Stroh Violin This is a Stroh Violin. At the beginning of the 20th Century, German inventor Johann Matthias August Stroh (1828 - 1914) developed a variety of horn-amplified stringed instruments, including Stroh-Violins, Stroh-Cellos, Stroh-String Basses, Stroh-Mandolines and Stroh-Ukuleles. The body is reduced to a skeleton, and the bridge is fixed to a metal diaphragm that drives the horns. There are two horns, the main one for projecting the sound, and the smaller one pointing at the player so he could hear what he was playing; a very early form of foldback. The motivation was to create enough volume for early recordings which were strictly acoustic. According to some: "Chances are, if you listen to a violin recording dating before 1925, you're hearing a Stroh violin." There is more info here.

THE BASS BANJO

THE CONTRABASS BANJO

THE COMBOLIN

Left: Two Combolins The Combolin comcept was introduced by Roy Williamson of The Corries in 1969. The combolin on the left combines a guitar and a Spanish bandurria; it also has 13 sympathetic strings, as on a sitar, presumably tuned in semitones to cover an octave. These are presumably tuned by the row of pegs at the bottom of the instrument, but both the Comblins shown here have these bottom pegs. The situation is currently unclear. The Combolin on the right combines a mandolin and a guitar, plus four bass strings operated with slides. I am by no means sure I have them the right way round. Any assistance would be welcome...

Left: Two Combolins These appear to be the two Combolins pictured above.